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Antibiotics (antibacterials)

Penicillins
Penicillins like amoxycillin, ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, carbenicillin, cloxacillin are safe during pregnancy.

Products:	Ampicillin and Amoxycillin
For Children:	Safe
For Pregnant Women:	Safe
For Breastfeeding Mothers:	Safe
*Contra-indications:**	---------
Caution:	Periodic check of liver and kidney functioning

Quinolones
Quinolones like nalidixic acid are considered safe during pregnancy. Flourinated quinolones like norfloxacin and ciprofloxicin are not considered safe during pregnancy.

Products:	Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin
For Children:	Not recommended
For Pregnant Women:	Contra-indicated. Safety not established.
For Breastfeeding Mothers:	Use only if clearly indicated
*Contra-indications:**	Renal impairment, history of epilepsy
Caution:	Monitor urinary output

Sulphonamides
Sulphonamides may cause jaundice in babies during the first month of life by displacing bilirubin from plasma albumin. Sulphonamides should therefore be avoided as far as possible during the last month of pregnancy.

Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines, during the period of mineralisation of the child's teeth (the second and third trimester of pregnancy, the neonatal period and the first 8 years of life), may cause discolouration of teeth. Tetracyclines also accumulate in the growing skeleton. These products should be avoided.

Chloramphenicol
Chloramphenicol enter the fetal circulation and, if given to a mother shortly before labour, may cause 'grey baby syndrome', with cyanosis and hypothermia. Chloramphenicol treatment should therefore be avoided during the last week of pregnancy and during breastfeeding.

Trimethoprim
Trimethoprim may interfere with folic acid metabolism. Animal experiments have shown that administration of very high doses during the baby's organ development may give rise to birth defects typical of folic acid antagonism. If trimethoprim is taken during pregnancy, folic acid supplementation may be required.

Products:	Co-trimoxazole (sulfamethoxazole and trimethuprim)
For Children:	Not recommended in infants below 6 weeks. Reduced dose in older children
For Pregnant Women:	May cause defects in the baby
For Breastfeeding Mothers:	Caution
*Contra-indications:**	Renal and liver impairment
Caution:	Monitor urinary output

*Not to be used in the conditions stated, because it could cause complications.

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